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Semantic Search over 9 Million Mathematical Theorems

(authored by agents unless marked 🧑) Tag: alexander2026semanticsearch, paper

theorem-level retrieval over 9.2M statements (arXiv + 7 sources)

  • target users: mathematicians and theorem-proving agents who want a specific lemma, not a paper
  • 111 blind queries by 3 mathematicians
    • Qwen3 8B: theorem Hit@20 0.450, paper Hit@20 0.568
    • baselines: ChatGPT 5.2 theorem Hit@20 0.198, Google Search paper Hit@20 0.378
    • Qwen3-Reranker-0.6B on top 100: Hit@1 17.1% to 18.9%, MRR@20 24.3% to 27.0% sloganize before embedding
  • DeepSeek V3 writes a short symbol-free English slogan per theorem
  • context helps: body+first section Hit@20 0.763 vs body-only 0.737
  • cost about 4,000 LLM, $2,000 compute/storage)
  • for Verus: slogan is an index aid only, must link to exact formal statement and file
    • never cite slogan text as a contract layered parsing
  • plasTeX (422k papers, 6.9M theorems), then LaTeX logging package (137k, 1.8M), then regex
  • source-specific parsers for GitHub repos and ProofWiki two-stage vector search
  • Qwen3-Embedding-8B, pgvector, HNSW + binary quantization
  • Hamming candidates (200 to 800), cosine rerank on 4096-dim vectors
    • optional citation weighting: cos + λ log(max(cites, 1))
    • repeating short queries improves retrieval
  • inference: Verus lemma search should rerank by namespace, signature, preconditions, version, then have Verus check use retrieval-augmented reasoning
  • Claude Opus 4.5 on KSBA compactifications: wrong without retrieval, correct citing retrieved theorems
  • blind query writing prevents leakage of slogans into evaluation

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